![]() The SOBC program aims to implement a mechanisms-focused, experimental medicine approach to behavior change research and to develop the tools required to implement such an approach. By integrating work across disciplines, this effort will lead to an improved understanding of the underlying principles of behavior change. The Science of Behavior Change (SOBC) program seeks to promote basic research on the initiation, personalization and maintenance of behavior change. (For proprietary reasons we are unable to upload the Digit Span Backwards scale.) The total raw score for backwards digit span is the sum of the item scores maximum backwards digit span total raw score is 16 points. The item score is the sum of the scores on the two trials for that item (range=0-2). For each trial, 1 point is scored for a correct response or 0 points for an incorrect response or no response. Both trials of each item are administered, even if the child gets Trial 1 correct. On each question the child repeats the numbers in reverse order of that presented aloud by the examiner (e.g., If the examiner says "5-6", the correct response would be “6-5” If the examiner says "5–1–7–4–2–3–8", the correct response would be "8-3-2-4-7-1-5"). ![]() For the purposes of our study, we used backwards only for a total of two trials of eight questions, or 16 total questions. The task consists of two items, forwards and backwards, and each item is composed of two trials of eight questions each. It assesses children’s ability to hold information in short-term memory and manipulate that information to produce some result. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.The Digit Span Task (Backwards-Only Child Version) measures working memory. The results are suggestive of a breakdown in the maintenance of information in working memory in terms of chunking it appears that ecstasy/polydrug users are as able as non-ecstasy users to form memory ‘chunks’ from the items, but that such chunks are not retained as effectively. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.The results of the present study provide further support for updating deficits in ecstasy-polydrug users. ![]() Three of these were due to impaired recall of earlier serial positions.ConclusionsThe results of the present study provide further support for updating deficits in ecstasy-polydrug users. Three of these were due to impaired recall of earlier serial positions.Ecstasy-polydrug users were impaired in four out of the six sub-sample analyses. Participants were categorised according to letter and spatial span (four, five or six), producing six sub-samples for analysis.ResultsEcstasy-polydrug users were impaired in four out of the six sub-sample analyses. Participants were categorised according to letter and spatial span (four, five or six), producing six sub-samples for analysis.Seventy-three ecstasy/polydrug users and seventy-three non-ecstasy users completed tasks of verbal and spatial memory running memory, recalling the most recent items, in lists of varying and unknown length. The present study sought to determine if ecstasy-related deficits in memory updating are related to serial position of items presented, or length of the list of items.MethodSeventy-three ecstasy/polydrug users and seventy-three non-ecstasy users completed tasks of verbal and spatial memory running memory, recalling the most recent items, in lists of varying and unknown length. Less is known about the precise nature of such deficits. The updating component appears to be particularly susceptible. The present study sought to determine if ecstasy-related deficits in memory updating are related to serial position of items presented, or length of the list of items.Research shows that users of ecstasy (MDMA) exhibit deficits in executive processes. AimsResearch shows that users of ecstasy (MDMA) exhibit deficits in executive processes.
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